History of the German Temple Society descent into Nazism
A Time-Line of Protestants Sects, Cults and the German Temple Society.
Nicholas of Hereford ; John Purvey and John Trevisa are names that have been mentioned as possible authors.
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| Jan Hus execution by burning. |
Jan Hus c. 1369 – 6 July 1415) Hus is considered the first Church reformer, as he lived before Luther, Calvin and Zwingli. He was influenced by the writings of John Wycliffe. In 1406, two Bohemian students brought to Prague a document bearing the seal of the University of Oxford and praising Wycliffe. Hus proudly read the document from his pulpit.
The various sects of the Hussites were the Adamites, Taborites, Orebites, Sirotčí ("Orphans"), Utraquists and Praguers.
The conflict between several papal claimants (two anti-popes and the "legitimate" Pope) ended with the Council of Constance (1414–1418). And
Hussite Revolution 1419 - 1434 ended with Battle of Lipany on May 30, 1434.
Jan Žižka Czech Hussite General commanded his Bohemian army in defence against the crusading Imperial Army under Emperor Sigismund. Žižka did not believe that all heretics should be slain and often showed clemency to those he defeated.
They defeated five crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope (1420,
1421, 1422, 1427 ,1431), and intervened in the wars of neighbouring
countries. The Hussite Wars were notable for the extensive use of early
hand-held firearms such as hand cannons.
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| Jan Žižka with a priest looking over Prague after the Battle of Vítkov Hill |
Bohemian-Hungarian War (1468–78)
The Bohemian War (1468–78) began when the Kingdom of Bohemia was invaded by the king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus. Matthias invaded with the pretext of returning Bohemia to Catholicism; at the time, it was ruled by the Hussite king, George of Poděbrad.
Malleus Maleficarum authors Heinrich Kramer alleged co-author Jacob Sprenger.
excerpt
Witchcraft was inextricably mixed with politics. Matthew Paris tells us how in 1232 the Chief Justice Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, (Shakespeare's “gentle Hubert” in King John), was accused by Peter do Roches, Bishop of Winchester, of having won the favour of Henry III through “charms and incantations”. In 1324 there was a terrific scandal at Coventry when it was discovered that a number of the richest and most influential burghers of the town had long been consulting with Master John, a professional necromancer, and paying him large sums to bring about by his arts the death of Edward II and several nobles of the court.
Jacob Sprenger 1436-1495 Appointed Inquisitor for the Provinces of Mainz, Trier and Cologne.
Heinrich Kramer (c. 1430 – 1505) Appointed Inquisitor for the Tyrol, Salzburg, Bohemia and Moravia. In 1485 he drew up a treatise on witchcraft which was incorporated in the Malleus Maleficarum. The Faculty of Cologne, condemned the book as recommending unethical and illegal procedures, as well as being inconsistent with Catholic doctrines of demonology.
Lutheranism
Martin Luther 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) A German, Pietist Augustinian (Order of the Hermit). reformer and theologian.
Philip Melanchthon a German reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther.
Luther began by criticising the selling of indulgences He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money.
In 1517 Luther's efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church
with the 95 Thesis’s launched the Protestant Reformation Protestantism
December 27, 1521, three "prophets", influenced by and in turn influencing Thomas Müntzer, appeared in Wittenberg from Zwickau:
Thomas Dreschel, Nicholas Storch and Mark Thomas Stübner preached an apocalyptic, radical alternative to Lutheranism.
Luther's attitude toward the biblical Jews. In his earlier period, until 1537 or not much earlier, he wanted to convert Jews to Christianity. In his later period when he wrote this particular treatise, he denounced them and urged their persecution. On Islam Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live." He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.From December 1539, Luther became implicated in the bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, who wanted to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting.
December 27, 1521, three "prophets", influenced by and in turn influencing Thomas Müntzer, appeared in Wittenberg from Zwickau:
Thomas Dreschel, Nicholas Storch and Mark Thomas Stübner preached an apocalyptic, radical alternative to Lutheranism.
Radical_Reformation
The Radical Reformation was the response to what was believed to be the corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others. Beginning in Germany and Switzerland in the 16th century, the Radical Reformation gave birth to many radical Protestant groups throughout Europe. The term covers both radical reformers like Thomas Müntzer, Andreas Karlstadt, groups like the Zwickau prophets and Anabaptist groups like the Hutterites and Mennonites.
Some early forms of the Radical Reformation were millenarian, focusing on the imminent end of the world. This was particularly notable in the rule of John of Leiden over the city of Münster in 1535, which was ultimately crushed by the combined forces of the Catholic Bishop of Münster and the Lutheran Landgrave of Hesse. After the Munster rebellion, the small group of the Batenburgers continued to adhere to militant Anabaptist beliefs.
Radical Pietist's
German Peasants War (1524 - 1525)
Stirring the feelings concerning the social crisis, which erupted in southern Germany in 1525 as a revolt against Aristocracy and feudal oppression.
Under the leadership of Müntzer, it became a war against all constituted authorities and an attempt to establish by revolution an ideal Christian commonwealth, with absolute equality and the community of goods.
European Protestant Reformation
Henry VIII's English Reformation 1527
Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I.
1534 parliament Act of Supremacy which declared that Henry was the "Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England"
1550 granted by Edward VI The Protestants Lutheran Strangers' Church was set up in Austin Friars, City of London, England, to cater to the Protestant community of 'Germans and other strangers of the Steelyard.
Elizabeth I "The Revolution of 1559" reasserted the royal supremacy her title was Supreme Governor.)
19 December 1559 Matthew Parker 1st Lutheran Archbishop of Canterbury
1666 Great Fire Of London ( Cleansing)
1672 Hamburg Lutheran Church on the ashes of Anglican Holy Trinity the Less. Architect Caius Cibber Wrens Dutch sculptor.
1 August 1714 Britain's first German Lutheran King George I
World Revolution of 1848
September 1853 Peter Metzler (1 March 1824 born Judenbach, Sonneberg. died 8 December 1907 in Stuttgart) was a German missionary. He and his brother Martin and Christoph Schäfer from St. Chrischona travelled to Jerusalem. in 1854 Metzler moved to Nazareth. There he opened a blacksmith shop and earned his living by manual labour.
Metzler was in the 1860 years, not only the founder of social institutions in Jaffa, he was furthermore also active in preparing the modern colonization of Palestine by a group of 156 colonists from Maine USA.
While the Lutheran Evangelical State Church in Württemberg condemned and fought the Templers as apostates, the Prussian position was somewhat milder. Their settlement in the Holy Land found a warm support through Wilhelm Hoffmann (1806-1873), who was no apostate from the official church, like his younger brother Christoph Wilhelm Hoffmann served as one of the royal Prussian court preachers at the Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church in Berlin and was a co-founder and first president of Jerusalem's Association (German: Jerusalemsverein), a charitable organisation founded on 2 December 1852 to support Samuel Gobat's effort as bishop of the Anglo-Prussian Bishopric of Jerusalem.
Between 1866 and 1869 Wilhelm Hoffmann dispatched his son Carl Hoffmann (1836-1903) as pastor of the German Protestant congregation of Jerusalem.
Germany July 1854 Pietist's - Korntal Brethren Christoph Hoffmann, Christoph Paulus, George David Hardegg and Louis Höhn from the boarding school "Salon" in Ludwigsburg, Germany, form a volunteer committee for "The Collection of the People of God".
Hoffmanns son Christoph II (1847-1911) Became leader of the Palestinensian templers in 1890, while from 1884 to 1890 Christoph Paulus was the leader.
On 24 August about 200 sympathisers establish in Ludwigsburg, the "Society for the gathering of the People of God in Jerusalem".
On 31 October 1854 439 members of the "Temple Society" sign a petition to the German Federal Assembly, asking for government support for a settlement in Palestine on the model of the first apostolic community. The proposed plan to be made "a matter for the German Nation".
1855 "Draft Constitution of the People of God" published by Christoph Hoffmann.
It is a call to Christians to support the gathering of the People of God in Jerusalem. The hymn "Trachtet, ruft mit ernstem Worte..." composed by Christoph Hoffmann (later chosen as theme-song of the Templers).
1856 In February the hamlet Kirschenhardthof at Erbstetten is purchased. The town becomes the new focus of the reform movement. Opening of three educational institutions.
1858 On 14 March a committee to explore the possibilities of settlement in Palestine visits Jaffa in the Holy Land; members Hoffmann, DG Hardegg and J. Bubeck report back on 8 September in the Kursaal in Bad Cannstatt.
1859 Christoph Hoffmann and - shortly thereafter - the whole community at Kirschenhardthof is expelled from the Evangelical Church.
1860 On February 8 around 400 participants attend the first synod of the Jerusalem's Friends in Kirschenhardthof. An appeal against the expulsion from the Church is lodged with King William I of Württemberg. Radical Pietist's
Radical Pietism emphasized the need for a "religion of the heart" instead of the head, and was characterized by ethical purity, inward devotion, charity, asceticism, and mysticism.
A common trait among radical Pietists, is the formation of set apart communities where they revive the original Christian living of the Acts of the Apostles. (Christian communism) Anabaptist Amish, Mennonites.
German Peasants War (1524 - 1525)
Stirring the feelings concerning the social crisis, which erupted in southern Germany in 1525 as a revolt against Aristocracy and feudal oppression.
Under the leadership of Müntzer, it became a war against all constituted authorities and an attempt to establish by revolution an ideal Christian commonwealth, with absolute equality and the community of goods.
European Protestant Reformation
Thomas Cranmer (2 July 1489 – 21 March 1556) was a leader of the English Reformation and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI and, for a short time, Mary I.
1534 parliament Act of Supremacy which declared that Henry was the "Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England"
( This title was renounced by Mary I of England and Ireland in 1553 in the process of restoring papal jurisdiction;)
1550 granted by Edward VI The Protestants Lutheran Strangers' Church was set up in Austin Friars, City of London, England, to cater to the Protestant community of 'Germans and other strangers of the Steelyard.
Elizabeth I "The Revolution of 1559" reasserted the royal supremacy her title was Supreme Governor.)
19 December 1559 Matthew Parker 1st Lutheran Archbishop of Canterbury
1666 Great Fire Of London ( Cleansing)
1672 Hamburg Lutheran Church on the ashes of Anglican Holy Trinity the Less. Architect Caius Cibber Wrens Dutch sculptor.
1 August 1714 Britain's first German Lutheran King George I
World Revolution of 1848
Emigration to Palestine
September 1853 Peter Metzler (1 March 1824 born Judenbach, Sonneberg. died 8 December 1907 in Stuttgart) was a German missionary. He and his brother Martin and Christoph Schäfer from St. Chrischona travelled to Jerusalem. in 1854 Metzler moved to Nazareth. There he opened a blacksmith shop and earned his living by manual labour.
Metzler was in the 1860 years, not only the founder of social institutions in Jaffa, he was furthermore also active in preparing the modern colonization of Palestine by a group of 156 colonists from Maine USA.
While the Lutheran Evangelical State Church in Württemberg condemned and fought the Templers as apostates, the Prussian position was somewhat milder. Their settlement in the Holy Land found a warm support through Wilhelm Hoffmann (1806-1873), who was no apostate from the official church, like his younger brother Christoph Wilhelm Hoffmann served as one of the royal Prussian court preachers at the Supreme Parish and Collegiate Church in Berlin and was a co-founder and first president of Jerusalem's Association (German: Jerusalemsverein), a charitable organisation founded on 2 December 1852 to support Samuel Gobat's effort as bishop of the Anglo-Prussian Bishopric of Jerusalem.
Between 1866 and 1869 Wilhelm Hoffmann dispatched his son Carl Hoffmann (1836-1903) as pastor of the German Protestant congregation of Jerusalem.
Germany July 1854 Pietist's - Korntal Brethren Christoph Hoffmann, Christoph Paulus, George David Hardegg and Louis Höhn from the boarding school "Salon" in Ludwigsburg, Germany, form a volunteer committee for "The Collection of the People of God".
Hoffmanns son Christoph II (1847-1911) Became leader of the Palestinensian templers in 1890, while from 1884 to 1890 Christoph Paulus was the leader.
On 24 August about 200 sympathisers establish in Ludwigsburg, the "Society for the gathering of the People of God in Jerusalem".
1855 "Draft Constitution of the People of God" published by Christoph Hoffmann.
It is a call to Christians to support the gathering of the People of God in Jerusalem. The hymn "Trachtet, ruft mit ernstem Worte..." composed by Christoph Hoffmann (later chosen as theme-song of the Templers).
1856 In February the hamlet Kirschenhardthof at Erbstetten is purchased. The town becomes the new focus of the reform movement. Opening of three educational institutions.
1858 On 14 March a committee to explore the possibilities of settlement in Palestine visits Jaffa in the Holy Land; members Hoffmann, DG Hardegg and J. Bubeck report back on 8 September in the Kursaal in Bad Cannstatt.
1859 Christoph Hoffmann and - shortly thereafter - the whole community at Kirschenhardthof is expelled from the Evangelical Church.
1861 At a preparatory meeting on 19-20 June for the third synod, 64 men decide to establish an independent religious organization with the name "German Temple". A 12 man "Council of Elders" is elected, which Christoph Hoffmann as "Bishop" leads. DG Hardegg still leads the "Committee for the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem",
1863 In Buffalo USA a community of "Templers in America" is formed, led by a committee consisting of WF Schwilk, C. Kiesel and August Wilhelm Struve.
1866, 156 Americans from Maine docked in Jaffa.They were Protestant Evangelicals (Christian Restorationism) who were primarily carpenters and farmers. They were led by George J. Adams leader of a schismatic Latter Day Saint sect who had founded the Church of the Messiahs several years earlier in Maine. In preparation for colonizing Palestine, he changed his name to George Washington Joshua Adams. They believed that hard work and developing ties with the local Jews would hasten the Messiah’s arrival.
1867 Frustrated by the numerous delays a few Templer families venture on their own to Palestine, to try and establish agricultural settlements. The first houses were built in Chnefiß and Samunieh, on the western slopes of the hills of Nazareth. Large difficulties ensued. 15 people succumb to the unhealthy conditions, illness and lack of organization.
Hardegg travels to the Henri Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross in Paris, to ask for help with mediation in the acquisition of residential land in Palestine, then still part of the Ottoman Empire
1868 On 26 July, after a farewell meeting at the Kirschenhardthof, attended by over one thousand participants, Christoph Hoffmann and DG Hardegg with their families leave for Haifa in Palestine.
5 March 1869 Metzler sold the hotel and all its property to the leaders of the Temple Society, Christoph Hoffmann and Georg David Hardegg,who had settled in Haifa a year earlier
In April 1869 After new orders from Pilgermission Metzler and his whole family, wife and four children, emigrate to Ustinowka (Устиновка), Saratov Oblast, where a new chapter of his life began. Before leaving Jaffa, Metzler, the more well known Christoph Hoffmann from their time together as missionaries St. Chrischonas, on 5 March 1869 most of its real estate and businesses in Jaffa to the new settlers.
In Russia Metzler became the administrator of the entire goods of Baron d'Plato Ustinov. There came on March 20, 1870 Metzler's sixth child, Paul Gerhardt, the world; "A month later, on 23 April 1870 Dorothea Metzler died as a result of this birth. Before she died, she let d'Ustinov come to her deathbed in order to ask him for the granting of a last wish. They wanted him to marry her eldest daughter Marie after their 16th birthday, .... "[6]
Templer communities were formed in the North Caucasus at Tempelhof and Orbeljanowka along the Kuma; also in the Mennonite colonies Wohldemfürst and Alexanderfeld on the Kuban.
23 September 1869 Haifa Foundation are laid for the first building in the Templer colony. Christoph Hoffmann takes over the new Templer colony in Jaffa, created from an abandoned American settlement. (Metzler )
A Templer hospital is started under the direction of the physician Dr. Gottlob Sandel
1870 Hoffmann publishes his script "On the Foundations of a lasting Peace" and develops his ideas of a "new religion"
1871 On October 18 the foundation stones are laid for the first houses of the Sarona colony near Jaffa.
1873 At Rephaim in Jerusalem a start is made on another Templer settlement, In October the headquarters of the Society is moved from Kirschenhardthof to Stuttgart.
1875 Christoph Hoffmann publishes "Orient and Occident"; a cultural consideration with a summary of the Faith of the Templers and a description of the settlement vision.
1877 Hoffmann publishes three "Sendschreiben" in which he deals with church teachings, dogmas and sacraments, which he declares as non-binding for the Temple Society.
The publication "Süddeutsche Warte" changes its name to "Warte des Tempels" and is now the voice of the Temple Society.
1878 In Spring Christoph Hoffmann moves to Jerusalem and relocates the headquarters of the Society and the Secondary School "Lyceum Tempelstift" to there; completing a major part of his vision
1881 Christoph Hoffmann, his son, Dr. Samuel Hoffmann and Consul Jakob Schumacher undertake a trip to the North American Templer towns
1884 Christoph Paulus succeeds Christoph Hoffmann as Head of the Society.
1885 On 8 December Christoph Hoffmann dies in Jerusalem. The Templer Community Tempelfeld is founded in Kansas USA (now called Gypsum)
1889 The first Templer hymn book is published
1890 Paulus retires from the leadership of the Temple Society, Christoph Hoffmann II, son of the founder, is elected as the new President. In a General Meeting the Temple Society Constitution is finalised and adopted.
1892 Jaffa’s branch community Walhalla is founded.
1893 Split of the "Free Templers" of Haifa over disagreements on goal and task of the Temple Society.
1897 Loss of Tempelhof and Orbeljanowka settlements in the Caucasus region initiating a move to the new Olgino and Romanowka settlements in Suchaja-Padina-Steppe.
"Neuhardthof" is founded as a branch of the Templer Community Haifa.
In April the "Free Templers" re-join the Haifa Templer community
1898 Kaiser Wilhelm II visits Palestine, stay in the Jerusalem Hotel landing in Haifa. The German settlers host a reception for the imperial couple. In Jaffa the monarch is presented with an album containing paintings of the Temples colonies by the artist BauernfeindOther distinguished guests include Mark Twain and Thomas Cook
1900 On May 14 the "Society for the Promotion of German Settlements in Palestine" is formed (an initiative by the Baron of Ellrichshausen with benevolent endorsement by King William II), with a starting capital of 128,500 Mark
1903 On April 13 the new Templer colony "Hamidije-Wilhelma" (near Jaffa) is founded.
1906 On 15 September the Templer colony "Betlehem" (in Galilee) is established
1909 An agricultural school is created in Wilhelma
1911 Christoph Hoffmann II dies on January 10. His former deputy Christian Rohrer is elected as the new President.
1917 British troops occupy the German settlements in Palestine
Publication of the "Warte" is suspended,
1918, 850 inhabitants of the southern colonies are evacuated and interned in Helouan, Egypt.
1919 About 300 people from Egyptian internment camps are repatriated to Germany.
1920 On 29 June the Foreign Secretary, Lord Curzon, declared before the British Upper House that Great Britain agreed in principle to the return of the German internees to Palestine.
On Sept. 8 the remaining 388 internees in Egypt are allowed to go home
The Mandate government showed understanding of the needs and problems of re-settlement, and with the support of the Public Custodian of Enemy Property, E. Keith Roach, the Mandate government paid the settlers approximately 50% restitution for war losses of livestock and other property.
1921 On January 13, the repatriated settlers from Germany arrive back in Jaffa
1924 December 13 sees the formation of the Bank of the Temple Society Ltd as a general credit Institute for Palestine. Based in Jaffa and with branches in Haifa and Jerusalem it became at that time one of the leading credit institutions in Palestine.
1928 Establishment of a High School in Jerusalem to prepare for the higher school certificate (Abitur) at German Universities
1932 A pension fund for teachers and civil servants in the service of the TG is created
A "Not-Kasse" is established to protect members from extreme hardship emergencies.
On August 20 the "Palestine Home" of the Temple Society (Templer Club) in Stuttgart is ceremonially inaugurated
1935 Philipp Wurst, long-time deputy of Christian Rohrer, becomes President on Rohrer’s death. Jon Hoffmann is appointed Regional Head in Germany.
1939 With the start of the Second World War internment again threatens the Germans in Palestine. By negotiation with the British, Philipp Wurst was able to persuade the authorities not to deport the German settlers this time.
So the agricultural settlements Sarona, Wilhelma, Betlehem (Galilee) and Waldheim become "perimeter" compounds, where close to 2,000 persons are kept behind guarded 3m high barbwire fences. All able-bodied men are taken to separate camps in Akko.
1941 On February 7 Philipp Wurst dies in Wilhelma . His successor becomes the former deputy Nikolai Schmidt. In July, 665 of the internees (the able-bodied men and their families) are transported by the British Mandate authorities to an internment camp near Tatura in Victoria (Australia).
1942 In several exchange-transport-groups a total of 320 Templers from Palestine go to Germany during the war
1946 With growing civil unrest in Palestine, plans for the evacuation of all remaining Templers are being considered. On 22 March Gotthilf Wagner, aged 59, the last Community Head of Sarona, is assassinated in Tel Aviv.
1947 The Internment Camp Tatura is dissolved. Because a return to Palestine is not possible, most of the Templers settle in Australia.
1948 After two more German settlers are killed in Haifa and Waldheim, the British Authorities quickly evacuate most of the Templers from Palestine by boat to a campsite on Cyprus. For almost a year they then wait at Famagusta for transport to either Germany or Australia.
The "Warte" is again published in Stuttgart 1950 With the departure of the last Templer from Palestine on 13 April, 80 years of active Templer Utopia in Palestine comes to an end .
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